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C++/CLI Migration Primer


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C++/CLI Migration Primer
A D V E R T I S E M E N T
This is a guide to moving your Visual C++ programs from Managed Extensions for C++ to Visual C++ 2008. For a checklist summary of syntactic changes, see Managed Extensions for C++ Syntax Upgrade Checklist.

C++/CLI extends a dynamic component programming paradigm to the ISO-C++ standard language. The new language offers a number of significant improvements over Managed Extensions. This section provides an enumerated listing of the Managed Extensions for C++ language features and their mapping to Visual C++ 2008 where such a mapping exists, and points out those constructs for which no mapping exists.




In This Section
Outline of Changes
A high-level outline for quick reference, providing a listing of the changes under five general categories.
Language Keywords
Discusses changes in language keywords, including the removal of the double underscore and the introduction of both contextual and spaced keywords.
The Managed Types
Looks at syntactic changes in the declaration of the Common Type System (CTS) – this includes changes in the declaration of classes, arrays (including the parameter array), enums, and so on.
Member Declarations within a Class or Interface
Presents the changes involving class members such as scalar properties, index properties, operators, delegates, and events.
Value Types and Their Behaviors
Focuses on value types and the new family of interior and pinning pointers. It also discusses a number of significant semantics changes such as the introduction of implicit boxing, immutability of boxed value types, and the removal of support for default constructors within value classes.
General Language Changes
Details semantic changes such as support for cast notation, string literal behavior, and changes in the semantics between ISO-C++ and C++/CLI.
Outline of Changes
This outline shows you examples of some of the changes in the language from Managed Extensions for C++ to Visual C++ 2008. Follow the link that accompanies each item for more information.



No Double Underscore Keywords

The double underscore in front of all keywords has been removed, with one exception. Thus, __value becomes value, and __interface becomes interface, and so on. To prevent name clashes between keywords and identifiers in user code, keywords are primarily treated as contextual.

See Language Keywords for more information.




Class Declarations

Managed Extensions syntax:

Copy Code
__gc class Block {};                           // reference class
__value class Vector {};                       // value class
__interface I {};                        // interface class
__gc __abstract class Shape {};                // abstract class
__gc __sealed class Shape2D : public Shape {}; // derived class

New syntax:

Copy Code
ref class Block {};                // reference class
value class Vector {};             // value class
interface class I {};        // interface class
ref class Shape abstract {};       // abstract class
ref class Shape2D sealed: Shape{}; // derived class

See The Managed Types for more information.




Object Declaration

Managed Extensions syntax:

Copy Code
public __gc class Form1 : public System::Windows::Forms::Form {
private:
   System::ComponentModel::Container __gc *components;
   System::Windows::Forms::Button   __gc *button1;
   System::Windows::Forms::DataGrid __gc *myDataGrid;   
   System::Data::DataSet  __gc *myDataSet;
};

New syntax:

Copy Code
public ref class Form1 : System::Windows::Forms::Form {
   System::ComponentModel::Container^ components;
   System::Windows::Forms::Button^ button1;
   System::Windows::Forms::DataGrid^ myDataGrid;
   System::Data::DataSet^ myDataSet;
};

See Declaration of a CLR Reference Class Object for more information.

Managed Heap Allocation

Managed Extensions syntax:
Copy Code
Button* button1 = new Button; // managed heap
int *pi1 = new int;           // native heap
Int32 *pi2 = new Int32;       // managed heap

New syntax:

Copy Code
Button^ button1 = gcnew Button;        // managed heap
int * pi1 = new int;                   // native heap
Int32^ pi2 = gcnew Int32;              // managed heap

See Declaration of a CLR Reference Class Object for more information.

A Tracking Reference to No Object

Managed Extensions syntax:
Copy Code
// OK: we set obj to refer to no object
Object * obj = 0;

// Error: no implicit boxing
Object * obj2 = 1;

New syntax:

Copy Code
// Incorrect Translation
// causes the implicit boxing of both 0 and 1
Object ^ obj = 0;
Object ^ obj2 = 1;

// Correct Translation
// OK: we set obj to refer to no object
Object ^ obj = nullptr;

// OK: we initialize obj2 to an Int32^
Object ^ obj2 = 1;

See Declaration of a CLR Reference Class Object for more information.




Array Declaration

The CLR array has been redesigned. It is similar to the stl vector template collection, but maps to the underlying System::Array class – that is, it is not a template implementation.

See Declaration of a CLR Array for more information.

Array as Parameter

Managed Extensions array syntax:
Copy Code
void PrintValues( Object* myArr __gc[]); 
void PrintValues( int myArr __gc[,,]); 

New array syntax:

Copy Code
void PrintValues( array^ myArr );
void PrintValues( array^ myArr );

Array as Return Type

Managed Extensions array syntax:
Copy Code
Int32 f() []; 
int GetArray() __gc[];

New array syntax:

Copy Code
array^ f();
array^ GetArray();

Shorthand Initialization of Local CLR Array

Managed Extensions array syntax:
Copy Code
int GetArray() __gc[] {
   int a1 __gc[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
   Object* myObjArray __gc[] = { __box(26), __box(27), __box(28),
                                 __box(29), __box(30) };

   return a1;
}

New array syntax:

Copy Code
array^ GetArray() {
   array^ a1 = {1,2,3,4,5};
   array^ myObjArray = {26,27,28,29,30};

   return a1;
}

Explicit CLR Array Declaration

Managed Extensions array syntax:
Copy Code
Object* myArray[] = new Object*[2];
String* myMat[,] = new String*[4,4];

New array syntax:

Copy Code
array^ myArray = gcnew array(2);
array^ myMat = gcnew array(4,4);

New to language: explicit array initialization that follows gcnew

Copy Code
// explicit initialization list follow gcnew 
// is not supported in Managed Extensions
array^ myArray = 
   gcnew array(4){ 1, 1, 2, 3 };



Scalar Properties

Managed Extensions property syntax:

Copy Code
public __gc __sealed class Vector {
   double _x;

public:
   __property double get_x(){ return _x; }
   __property void set_x( double newx ){ _x = newx; }
};

New property syntax:

Copy Code
public ref class Vector sealed { 
   double _x;

public:
   property double x 
   {
      double get()             { return _x; }
      void   set( double newx ){ _x = newx; }
   } // Note: no semi-colon …
};

New to language: trivial properties

Copy Code
public ref class Vector sealed { 
public:
   // equivalent shorthand property syntax
   // backing store is not accessible
   property double x; 
};

See Property Declaration for more information.




Indexed Properties

Managed Extensions indexed property syntax:

Copy Code
public __gc class Matrix {
   float mat[,];

public: 
   __property void set_Item( int r, int c, float value) { mat[r,c] = value; }
   __property int get_Item( int r, int c ) { return mat[r,c]; }
};

New indexed property syntax:

Copy Code
public ref class Matrix {
   array^ mat;

public:
   property float Item [int,int] {
      float get( int r, int c ) { return mat[r,c]; }
      void set( int r, int c, float value ) { mat[r,c] = value; }
   }
};

New to language: class-level indexed property

Copy Code
public ref class Matrix {
   array^ mat;

public:
   // ok: class level indexer now
   //     Matrix mat;
   //     mat[ 0, 0 ] = 1; 
   //
   // invokes the set accessor of the default indexer

   property float default [int,int] {
      float get( int r, int c ) { return mat[r,c]; }
      void set( int r, int c, float value ) { mat[r,c] = value; }
   }
};

See Property Index Declaration for more information.




Overloaded Operators

Managed Extensions operator overload syntax:

Copy Code
public __gc __sealed class Vector {
public:
   Vector( double x, double y, double z );

   static bool    op_Equality( const Vector*, const Vector* );
   static Vector* op_Division( const Vector*, double );
};

int main() {
   Vector *pa = new Vector( 0.231, 2.4745, 0.023 );
   Vector *pb = new Vector( 1.475, 4.8916, -1.23 ); 

   Vector *pc = Vector::op_Division( pa, 4.8916 );

   if ( Vector::op_Equality( pa, pc ))
      ;
}

New operator overload syntax:

Copy Code
public ref class Vector sealed {
public:
   Vector( double x, double y, double z );

   static bool    operator ==( const Vector^, const Vector^ );
   static Vector^ operator /( const Vector^, double );
};

int main() {
   Vector^ pa = gcnew Vector( 0.231, 2.4745, 0.023 );
   Vector^ pb = gcnew Vector( 1.475, 4.8916, -1.23 );

   Vector^ pc = pa / 4.8916;
   if ( pc == pa )
      ;
}

See Overloaded Operators for more information.




Conversion Operators

Managed Extensions conversion operator syntax:

Copy Code
__gc struct MyDouble {
   static MyDouble* op_Implicit( int i ); 
   static int op_Explicit( MyDouble* val );
   static String* op_Explicit( MyDouble* val ); 
};

New conversion operator syntax:

Copy Code
ref struct MyDouble {
public:
   static operator MyDouble^ ( int i );
   static explicit operator int ( MyDouble^ val );
   static explicit operator String^ ( MyDouble^ val );
};

See Changes to Conversion Operators for more information.




Explicit Override of an Interface Member

Managed Extensions explicit override syntax:

Copy Code
public __gc class R : public ICloneable {
   // to be used through ICloneable
   Object* ICloneable::Clone();

   // to be used through an R
   R* Clone();
};

New explicit override syntax:

Copy Code
public ref class R : public ICloneable {
   // to be used through ICloneable
   virtual Object^ InterfaceClone() = ICloneable::Clone;

   // to be used through an R 
   virtual R^ Clone();
};

See Explicit Override of an Interface Member for more information.




Private Virtual Functions

Managed Extensions private virtual function syntax:

Copy Code
__gc class Base {
private:
   // inaccessible to a derived class
   virtual void g(); 
};

__gc class Derived : public Base {
public:
   // ok: g() overrides Base::g()
   virtual void g();
};

New private virtual function syntax

Copy Code
ref class Base {
private:
   // inaccessible to a derived class
   virtual void g(); 
};

ref class Derived : public Base {
public:
   // error: cannot override: Base::g() is inaccessible
   virtual void g() override;
};

See Private Virtual Functions for more information.




CLR Enum Type

Managed Extensions enum syntax:

Copy Code
__value enum e1 { fail, pass };
public __value enum e2 : unsigned short  { 
   not_ok = 1024, 
   maybe, ok = 2048 
};  

New enum syntax:

Copy Code
enum class e1 { fail, pass };
public enum class e2 : unsigned short { 
   not_ok = 1024,
   maybe, ok = 2048 
};

Apart from this small syntactic change, the behavior of the CLR enum type has been changed in a number of ways:

  • A forward declaration of a CLR enum is no longer supported.
  • The overload resolution between the built-in arithmetic types and the Object class hierarchy has reversed between Managed Extensions and Visual C++ 2008. As a side-effect, CLR enums are no longer implicitly converted to arithmetic types.
  • In the new syntax, a CLR enum maintains its own scope, which is not the case in Managed Extensions. Previously, enumerators were visible within the containing scope of the enum; now, enumerators are encapsulated within the scope of the enum.

See CLR Enum Type for more information.




Removal of __box Keyword

Managed Extensions boxing syntax:

Copy Code
Object *o = __box( 1024 ); // explicit boxing

New boxing syntax:

Copy Code
Object ^o = 1024; // implicit boxing

See A Tracking Handle to a Boxed Value for more information.




Pinning Pointer

Managed Extensions pinning pointer syntax:

Copy Code
__gc struct H { int j; };

int main() {
   H * h = new H;
   int __pin * k = & h -> j;
};

New pinning pointer syntax:

Copy Code
ref struct H { int j; };

int main() {
   H^ h = gcnew H;
   pin_ptr k = &h->j;
}

See class="normaltext" for more information.




__typeof Keyword becomes typeid

Managed Extensions typeof syntax:

Copy Code
Array* myIntArray = 
   Array::CreateInstance( __typeof(Int32), 5 );

New typeid syntax:

Copy Code
Array^ myIntArray = 
   Array::CreateInstance( Int32::typeid, 5 );
Language Keywords
Several language keywords changed from Managed Extensions for C++ to Visual C++ 2008.

In the new Visual C++ 2008 syntax, the double underscore is removed as a prefix from all keywords (with one exception: __identifier is retained). For example, a property is now declared as property, not __property.

There were two primary reasons for using the double-underscore prefix in Managed Extensions:

  • It is the conformant method of providing local extensions to the ISO-C++ Standard. A primary goal of the Managed Extensions design was to not introduce incompatibilities with the standard language, such as new keywords and tokens. It was this reason, in large part, which motivated the choice of pointer syntax for the declaration of objects of managed reference types.
  • The use of the double underscore, apart from its conformant aspect, is also a reasonable guarantee of being non-invasive with the existing code base of the language users. This was a second primary goal of the Managed Extensions design.

In spite of removing the double underscores, Microsoft remains committed to being conformant. However, support for the CLR dynamic object model represents a new and powerful programming paradigm. Support of this new paradigm requires its own high-level keywords and tokens. We have sought to provide a first-class expression of this new paradigm while integrating it and supporting the standard language. The new syntax design provides a first class programming experience of these two disparate object models.

Similarly, we are concerned with maximizing the non-invasive nature of these new language keywords. This has been accomplished with the use of contextual and spaced keywords. Before we look at the actual new language syntax, let’s try to make sense of these two special keyword flavors.

A contextual keyword has a special meaning within specific program contexts. Within the general program, for example, sealed is treated as an ordinary identifier. However, when it occurs within the declaration portion of a managed reference class type, it is treated as a keyword within the context of that class declaration. This minimizes the potential invasive impact of introducing a new keyword in the language, something that we feel is very important to users with an existing code base. At the same time, it allows users of the new functionality to have a first-class experience of the additional language feature – something that wasn't possible with Managed Extensions. For an example of how sealed is used see Declaration of a Managed Class Type.

A spaced keyword, such as value class, is a special case of a contextual keyword. It pairs an existing keyword with a contextual modifier separated by a space. The pair is treated as a single unit rather than as two separate keywords.



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