Post-installation
Configuration of various options follows the successful installation.
A D V E R T I S E M E N T
An
option can be configured by re-entering the configuration options before
booting the new FreeBSD system or after installation using
sysinstall and selecting
Configure.
Network Device Configuration
If you previously configured PPP for an FTP install, this screen will
not display and can be configured later as described above.
For detailed information on Local Area Networks and configuring
FreeBSD as a gateway/router refer to the
Advanced Networking chapter.
User Confirmation Requested
Would you like to configure any Ethernet or SLIP/PPP network devices?
[ Yes ] No
To configure a network device, select [ Yes ]
and press Enter. Otherwise, select
[ No ] to continue.
Select the interface to be configured with the arrow keys and press
Enter.
User Confirmation Requested
Do you want to try IPv6 configuration of the interface?
Yes [ No ]
In this private local area network, the current Internet type
protocol (IPv4) was sufficient and
[ No ] was selected with the arrow keys
and Enter pressed.
If you are connected to an existing IPv6
network with an RA server, then
choose [ Yes ] and press
Enter. It will take several seconds to scan for RA
servers.
User Confirmation Requested
Do you want to try DHCP configuration of the interface?
Yes [ No ]
If DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is not required select
[ No ] with the arrow keys and press
Enter.
Selecting [ Yes ] will execute
dhclient, and if successful, will fill in the
network configuration information automatically. Refer to
Section 27.5 for more information.
The following Network Configuration screen shows the configuration of
the Ethernet device for a system that will act as the gateway for a
Local Area Network.
Use Tab to select the information fields and
fill in appropriate information:
- Host
- The fully-qualified hostname, such as
k6-2.example.com in this case.
- Domain
- The name of the domain that your machine is in, such as
example.com for this case.
- IPv4 Gateway
- IP address of host forwarding packets to non-local
destinations. You must fill this in if the machine is a node on
the network. Leave
this field blank if the machine is the gateway to the
Internet for the network. The IPv4 Gateway is also known as the
default gateway or default route.
- Name server
- IP address of your local DNS server. There is no local DNS
server on this private local area network so the IP address of
the provider's DNS server (208.163.10.2)
was used.
- IPv4 address
- The IP address to be used for this interface was
192.168.0.1
- Netmask
- The address block being used for this local area network is
192.168.0.0 -
192.168.0.255 with a netmask of
255.255.255.0.
- Extra options to ifconfig
- Any interface-specific options to
ifconfig you would like to add. There were none in this
case.
Use Tab to select
[ OK ] when finished and press Enter.
User Confirmation Requested
Would you like to Bring Up the ed0 interface right now?
[ Yes ] No
Choosing [ Yes ] and pressing
Enter will bring the machine up on the network and
be ready for use. However, this does not accomplish much during
installation, since the machine still needs to be rebooted.
2.10.2 Configure
Gateway
User Confirmation Requested
Do you want this machine to function as a network gateway?
[ Yes ] No
If the machine will be acting as the gateway for a local area network
and forwarding packets between other machines then select
[ Yes ] and press Enter.
If the machine is a node on a network then select
[ No ] and press Enter
to continue.
2.10.3
Configure Internet Services
User Confirmation Requested
Do you want to configure inetd and the network services that it provides?
Yes [ No ]
If [ No ] is selected, various
services such telnetd will not be enabled.
This means that remote users will not be able to
telnet into this machine. Local users will still be able to access
remote machines with telnet.
These services can be enabled after installation by editing
/etc/inetd.conf with your favorite text
editor. See
Section 27.2.1 for more information.
Select [ Yes ] if you wish to
configure these services during install. An additional confirmation will
display:
User Confirmation Requested
The Internet Super Server (inetd) allows a number of simple Internet
services to be enabled, including finger, ftp and telnetd. Enabling
these services may increase risk of security problems by increasing
the exposure of your system.
With this in mind, do you wish to enable inetd?
[ Yes ] No
Select [ Yes ] to continue.
User Confirmation Requested
inetd(8) relies on its configuration file, /etc/inetd.conf, to determine
which of its Internet services will be available. The default FreeBSD
inetd.conf(5) leaves all services disabled by default, so they must be
specifically enabled in the configuration file before they will
function, even once inetd(8) is enabled. Note that services for
IPv6 must be separately enabled from IPv4 services.
Select [Yes] now to invoke an editor on /etc/inetd.conf, or [No] to
use the current settings.
[ Yes ] No
Selecting [ Yes ] will allow adding
services by deleting the # at the beginning of
a line.
After adding the desired services, pressing Esc
will display a menu which will allow exiting and saving the changes.
2.10.4 Enabling SSH
login
User Confirmation Requested
Would you like to enable SSH login?
Yes [ No ]
Selecting [ Yes ] will enable
sshd(8),
the daemon program for OpenSSH. This will
allow secure remote access to your machine. For more information about
OpenSSH see
Section 14.11.
2.10.5 Anonymous FTP
User Confirmation Requested
Do you want to have anonymous FTP access to this machine?
Yes [ No ]
2.10.5.1 Deny
Anonymous FTP
Selecting the default [ No ] and
pressing Enter will still allow users who have
accounts with passwords to use FTP to access the machine.
2.10.5.2 Allow
Anonymous FTP
Anyone can access your machine if you elect to allow anonymous
FTP connections. The security implications should be considered
before enabling this option. For more information about security see
Chapter 14.
To allow anonymous FTP, use the arrow keys to select
[ Yes ] and press
Enter. An additional confirmation will display:
User Confirmation Requested
Anonymous FTP permits un-authenticated users to connect to the system
FTP server, if FTP service is enabled. Anonymous users are
restricted to a specific subset of the file system, and the default
configuration provides a drop-box incoming directory to which uploads
are permitted. You must separately enable both inetd(8), and enable
ftpd(8) in inetd.conf(5) for FTP services to be available. If you
did not do so earlier, you will have the opportunity to enable inetd(8)
again later.
If you want the server to be read-only you should leave the upload
directory option empty and add the -r command-line option to ftpd(8)
in inetd.conf(5)
Do you wish to continue configuring anonymous FTP?
[ Yes ] No
This message informs you that the FTP service will also have to
be enabled in /etc/inetd.conf if you want
to allow anonymous FTP connections, see
Section 2.10.3. Select [ Yes ]
and press Enter to continue; the following
screen will display:
Use Tab to select the information fields
and fill in appropriate information:
- UID
- The user ID you wish to assign to the anonymous FTP
user. All files uploaded will be owned by this ID.
- Group
- Which group you wish the anonymous FTP user to be in.
- Comment
- String describing this user in
/etc/passwd.
- FTP Root Directory
- Where files available for anonymous FTP will be kept.
- Upload Subdirectory
- Where files uploaded by anonymous FTP users will go.
The FTP root directory will be put in /var
by default. If you do not have enough room there for the anticipated
FTP needs, the /usr directory could be
used by setting the FTP root directory to
/usr/ftp.
When you are satisfied with the values, press
Enter to continue.
User Confirmation Requested
Create a welcome message file for anonymous FTP users?
[ Yes ] No
If you select [ Yes ] and press
Enter, an editor will automatically start
allowing you to edit the message.
This is a text editor called ee. Use the
instructions to change the message or change the message later using
a text editor of your choice. Note the file name/location at the
bottom of the editor screen.
Press Esc and a pop-up menu will default to
a) leave editor. Press
Enter to exit and continue. Press
Enter again to save changes if you made any.
2.10.6 Configure
Network File System
Network File System (NFS) allows sharing of files across a network. A
machine can be configured as a server, a client, or both. Refer to
Section 27.3 for a more information.
2.10.6.1 NFS
Server
User Confirmation Requested
Do you want to configure this machine as an NFS server?
Yes [ No ]
If there is no need for a Network File System server, select
[ No ] and press
Enter.
If [ Yes ] is chosen, a message
will pop-up indicating that the exports
file must be created.
Message
Operating as an NFS server means that you must first configure an
/etc/exports file to indicate which hosts are allowed certain kinds of
access to your local filesystems.
Press [Enter] now to invoke an editor on /etc/exports
[ OK ]
Press Enter to continue. A text editor will
start allowing the exports file to be
created and edited.
Use the instructions to add the actual exported filesystems now
or later using a text editor of your choice. Note the file
name/location at the bottom of the editor screen.
Press Esc and a pop-up menu will default to
a) leave editor. Press
Enter to exit and continue.
2.10.6.2 NFS
Client
The NFS client allows your machine to access NFS servers.
User Confirmation Requested
Do you want to configure this machine as an NFS client?
Yes [ No ]
With the arrow keys, select [ Yes ]
or [ No ] as appropriate and press
Enter.
2.10.7 System Console
Settings
There are several options available to customize the system console.
User Confirmation Requested
Would you like to customize your system console settings?
[ Yes ] No
To view and configure the options, select
[ Yes ] and press Enter.
A commonly used option is the screen saver. Use the arrow keys to
select Saver and then press
Enter.
Select the desired screen saver using the arrow keys and then press
Enter. The System Console Configuration menu will
redisplay.
The default time interval is 300 seconds. To change the time
interval, select Saver again. At the
Screen Saver Options menu, select Timeout
using the arrow keys and press Enter. A pop-up
menu will appear:
The value can be changed, then select [ OK ]
and press Enter to return to the System Console
Configuration menu.
Selecting Exit and pressing
Enter will continue with the post-installation
configurations.
Setting the time zone for your machine will allow it to automatically
correct for any regional time changes and perform other time zone
related functions properly.
The example shown is for a machine located in the Eastern time zone
of the United States. Your selections will vary according to your
geographical location.
User Confirmation Requested
Would you like to set this machine's time zone now?
[ Yes ] No
Select [ Yes ] and press
Enter to set the time zone.
User Confirmation Requested
Is this machine's CMOS clock set to UTC? If it is set to local time
or you don't know, please choose NO here!
Yes [ No ]
Select [ Yes ] or
[ No ] according to how the machine's
clock is configured and press Enter.
The appropriate region is selected using the arrow keys and then
pressing Enter.
Select the appropriate country using the arrow keys and press
Enter.
The appropriate time zone is selected using the arrow keys and
pressing Enter.
Confirmation
Does the abbreviation 'EDT' look reasonable?
[ Yes ] No
Confirm the abbreviation for the time zone is correct. If it looks
okay, press Enter to continue with the
post-installation configuration.
2.10.9 Linux
Compatibility
User Confirmation Requested
Would you like to enable Linux binary compatibility?
[ Yes ] No
Selecting [ Yes ] and pressing
Enter will allow running Linux software on
FreeBSD. The install will add the appropriate packages for Linux
compatibility.
If installing by FTP, the machine will need to be connected to the
Internet. Sometimes a remote ftp site will not have all the
distributions like the Linux binary compatibility. This can be installed
later if necessary.
2.10.10 Mouse Settings
This option will allow you to cut and paste text in the console and
user programs with a 3-button mouse. If using a 2-button mouse, refer to
manual page,
moused(8),
after installation for details on emulating the 3-button style. This
example depicts a non-USB mouse configuration (such as a PS/2 or COM
port mouse):
User Confirmation Requested
Does this system have a PS/2, serial, or bus mouse?
[ Yes ] No
Select [ Yes ] for a PS/2, serial or
bus mouse, or [ No ] for a USB mouse and
press Enter.
Use the arrow keys to select Type
and press Enter.
The mouse used in this example is a PS/2 type, so the default
Auto was appropriate. To change
protocol, use the arrow keys to select another option. Ensure that
[ OK ] is highlighted and press
Enter to exit this menu.
Use the arrow keys to select Port
and press Enter.
This system had a PS/2 mouse, so the default
PS/2 was appropriate. To change the
port, use the arrow keys and then press Enter.
Last, use the arrow keys to select Enable,
and press Enter to enable and test the mouse
daemon.
Move the mouse around the screen and verify the cursor shown responds
properly. If it does, select [ Yes ] and
press Enter. If not, the mouse has not been
configured correctly -- select [ No ] and
try using different configuration options.
Select Exit with the arrow keys and
press Enter to return to continue with the
post-installation configuration.
2.10.11 Install
Packages
Packages are pre-compiled binaries and are a convenient way to
install software.
Installation of one package is shown for purposes of illustration.
Additional packages can also be added at this time if desired. After
installation sysinstall can be used to add
additional packages.
User Confirmation Requested
The FreeBSD package collection is a collection of hundreds of
ready-to-run applications, from text editors to games to WEB servers
and more. Would you like to browse the collection now?
[ Yes ] No
Selecting [ Yes ] and pressing
Enter will be followed by the Package Selection
screens:
Only packages on the current installation media are available for
installation at any given time.
All packages available will be displayed if
All is selected or you can select a particular category.
Highlight your selection with the arrow keys and press
Enter.
A menu will display showing all the packages available for the
selection made:
The bash shell is shown selected. Select
as many as desired by highlighting the package and pressing the
Space key. A short description of each package
will appear in the lower left corner of the screen.
Pressing the Tab key will toggle between the
last selected package, [ OK ], and
[ Cancel ].
When you have finished marking the packages for installation, press
Tab once to toggle to the
[ OK ] and press Enter to return to the
Package Selection menu.
The left and right arrow keys will also toggle between
[ OK ] and
[ Cancel ]. This method can also be used to select
[ OK ] and press Enter
to return to the Package Selection menu.
Use the Tab and arrow keys to select
[ Install ] and press
Enter. You will then need to confirm that you want to install the
packages:
Selecting [ OK ] and pressing
Enter will start the package installation.
Installing messages will appear until completed. Make note if there are
any error messages.
The final configuration continues after packages are installed. If
you end up not selecting any packages, and wish to return to the final
configuration, select Install anyways.
2.10.12 Add
Users/Groups
You should add at least one user during the installation so that you
can use the system without being logged in as root.
The root partition is generally small and running applications as
root can quickly fill it. A bigger danger is
noted below:
User Confirmation Requested
Would you like to add any initial user accounts to the system? Adding
at least one account for yourself at this stage is suggested since
working as the "root" user is dangerous (it is easy to do things which
adversely affect the entire system).
[ Yes ] No
Select [ Yes ] and press
Enter to continue with adding a user.
Select User with the arrow keys and
press Enter.
The following descriptions will appear in the lower part of the
screen as the items are selected with Tab to
assist with entering the required information:
- Login ID
- The login name of the new user (mandatory).
- UID
- The numerical ID for this user (leave blank for automatic
choice).
- Group
- The login group name for this user (leave blank for
automatic choice).
- Password
- The password for this user (enter this field with care!).
- Full name
- The user's full name (comment).
- Member groups
- The groups this user belongs to (i.e. gets access rights
for).
- Home directory
- The user's home directory (leave blank for default).
- Login shell
- The user's login shell (leave blank for default, e.g.
/bin/sh).
The login shell was changed from /bin/sh to
/usr/local/bin/bash to use the
bash shell that was previously installed as a
package. Do not try to use a shell that does not exist or you will not
be able to login. The most common shell used in the BSD-world is the C
shell, which can be indicated as /bin/tcsh.
The user was also added to the wheel group
to be able to become a superuser with root
privileges.
When you are satisfied, press [ OK ]
and the User and Group Management menu will redisplay:
Groups can also be added at this time if specific needs are known.
Otherwise, this may be accessed through using
sysinstall after installation is completed.
When you are finished adding users, select
Exit with the arrow keys and press Enter to
continue the installation.
2.10.13 Set the
root Password
Message
Now you must set the system manager's password.
This is the password you'll use to log in as "root".
[ OK ]
[ Press enter or space ]
Press Enter to set the
root password.
The password will need to be typed in twice correctly. Needless to
say, make sure you have a way of finding the password if you forget.
Notice that the password you type in is not echoed, nor are asterisks
displayed.
New password:
Retype new password :
The installation will continue after the password is successfully
entered.
2.10.14 Exiting
Install
If you need to configure
additional network services or any other configuration, you can do
it at this point or after installation with
sysinstall.
User Confirmation Requested
Visit the general configuration menu for a chance to set any last
options?
Yes [ No ]
Select [ No ] with the arrow keys and
press Enter to return to the Main Installation
Menu.
Select [X Exit Install] with the arrow
keys and press Enter. You will be asked to confirm
exiting the installation:
User Confirmation Requested
Are you sure you wish to exit? The system will reboot (be sure to
remove any floppies/CDs/DVDs from the drives).
[ Yes ] No
Select [ Yes ] and remove the floppy
if booting from the floppy. The CDROM drive is locked until the machine
starts to reboot. The CDROM drive is then unlocked and the disk can be
removed from drive (quickly).
The system will reboot so watch for any error messages that may
appear, see
Section 2.10.16 for more details.
2.10.15 Configure Additional Network Services
Contributed by Tom
Rhodes.
Configuring network services can be a daunting task for new users if
they lack previous knowledge in this area. Networking, including the
Internet, is critical to all modern operating systems including FreeBSD;
as a result, it is very useful to have some understanding FreeBSD's
extensive networking capabilities. Doing this during the installation
will ensure users have some understanding of the various services
available to them.
Network services are programs that accept input from anywhere on the
network. Every effort is made to make sure these programs will not do
anything �harmful�. Unfortunately, programmers are not perfect and
through time there have been cases where bugs in network services have
been exploited by attackers to do bad things. It is important that you
only enable the network services you know that you need. If in doubt it
is best if you do not enable a network service until you find out that
you do need it. You can always enable it later by re-running
sysinstall or by using the features provided
by the /etc/rc.conf file.
Selecting the option will
display a menu similar to the one below:
The first option, Interfaces, was
previously covered during the
Section 2.10.1, thus this option can safely be ignored.
Selecting the AMD option adds
support for the BSD automatic mount
utility. This is usually used in conjunction with the
NFS protocol for
automatically mounting remote file systems. No special configuration is
required here.
Next in line is the AMD Flags
option. When selected, a menu will pop up for you to enter specific
AMD flags. The menu already contains
a set of default options:
-a /.amd_mnt -l syslog /host /etc/amd.map /net /etc/amd.map
The -a option sets the default mount
location which is specified here as /.amd_mnt.
The -l option specifies the default
log file; however, when
syslogd is used all log activity will be sent to the system log
daemon. The /host directory is used to mount
an exported file system from a remote host, while
/net directory is used to mount an exported file system from an
IP address. The
/etc/amd.map file defines the default options for
AMD exports.
The Anon FTP option permits
anonymous FTP connections. Select
this option to make this machine an anonymous
FTP server. Be aware of the security risks involved with this
option. Another menu will be displayed to explain the security risks and
configuration in depth.
The Gateway configuration menu will
set the machine up to be a gateway as explained previously. This can be
used to unset the Gateway option if you
accidentally selected it during the installation process.
The Inetd option can be used to
configure or completely disable the
inetd(8)
daemon as discussed above.
The Mail option is used to configure
the system's default MTA or Mail
Transfer Agent. Selecting this option will bring up the following menu:
Here you are offered a choice as to which
MTA to install and set as the default. An
MTA is nothing more than a mail
server which delivers email to users on the system or the Internet.
Selecting Sendmail will install the
popular sendmail server which is the FreeBSD
default. The Sendmail local option will
set sendmail to be the default
MTA, but disable its ability to
receive incoming email from the Internet. The other options here,
Postfix and
Exim act similar to Sendmail.
They both deliver email; however, some users prefer these alternatives
to the sendmail MTA.
After selecting an MTA, or
choosing not to select an MTA, the network configuration menu will
appear with the next option being NFS client.
The NFS client option will configure
the system to communicate with a server via NFS.
An NFS server makes file systems
available to other machines on the network via the
NFS protocol. If this is a
stand-alone machine, this option can remain unselected. The system may
require more configuration later; see
Section 27.3 for more information about client and server
configuration.
Below that option is the NFS server
option, permitting you to set the system up as an
NFS server. This adds the required
information to start up the RPC
remote procedure call services. RPC
is used to coordinate connections between hosts and programs.
Next in line is the Ntpdate option,
which deals with time synchronization. When selected, a menu like the
one below shows up:
From this menu, select the server which is the closest to your
location. Selecting a close one will make the time synchronization more
accurate as a server further from your location may have more connection
latency.
The next option is the PCNFSD
selection. This option will install the
net/pcnfsd package from the Ports
Collection. This is a useful utility which provides
NFS authentication services for
systems which are unable to provide their own, such as Microsoft's
MS-DOS� operating system.
Now you must scroll down a bit to see the other options:
The
rpcbind(8),
rpc.statd(8),
and
rpc.lockd(8)
utilities are all used for Remote Procedure Calls (RPC).
The rpcbind utility manages communication
between NFS servers and clients, and
is required for NFS servers to
operate correctly. The rpc.statd daemon
interacts with the rpc.statd daemon on other
hosts to provide status monitoring. The reported status is usually held
in the /var/db/statd.status file. The next
option listed here is the rpc.lockd
option, which, when selected, will provide file locking services. This
is usually used with rpc.statd to monitor
what hosts are requesting locks and how frequently they request them.
While these last two options are marvelous for debugging, they are not
required for NFS servers and clients
to operate correctly.
As you progress down the list the next item here is
Routed, which is the routing daemon.
The
routed(8)
utility manages network routing tables, discovers multicast routers, and
supplies a copy of the routing tables to any physically connected host
on the network upon request. This is mainly used for machines which act
as a gateway for the local network. When selected, a menu will be
presented requesting the default location of the utility. The default
location is already defined for you and can be selected with the
Enter key. You will then be presented with yet
another menu, this time asking for the flags you wish to pass on to
routed. The default is
-q and it should already appear on the screen.
Next in line is the Rwhod option
which, when selected, will start the
rwhod(8)
daemon during system initialization. The rwhod
utility broadcasts system messages across the network periodically, or
collects them when in �consumer� mode. More information can be found in
the
ruptime(1)
and
rwho(1)
manual pages.
The next to the last option in the list is for the
sshd(8)
daemon. This is the secure shell server for
OpenSSH and it is highly recommended over the standard
telnet and FTP
servers. The sshd server is used to create a
secure connection from one host to another by using encrypted
connections.
Finally there is the TCP Extensions
option. This enables the TCP
Extensions defined in RFC 1323 and
RFC 1644. While on many hosts this
can speed up connections, it can also cause some connections to be
dropped. It is not recommended for servers, but may be beneficial for
stand alone machines.
Now that you have configured the network services, you can scroll up
to the very top item which is X Exit
and continue on to the next configuration item or simply exit
sysinstall in selecting
X Exit twice then
[X Exit Install].
2.10.16 FreeBSD
Bootup
2.10.16.1 FreeBSD/i386 Bootup
If everything went well, you will see messages scroll off the
screen and you will arrive at a login prompt. You can view the
content of the messages by pressing Scroll-Lock
and using PgUp and PgDn.
Pressing Scroll-Lock again will return to the
prompt.
The entire message may not display (buffer limitation) but it can
be viewed from the command line after logging in by typing
dmesg at the prompt.
Login using the username/password you set during installation (rpratt,
in this example). Avoid logging in as root
except when necessary.
Typical boot messages (version information omitted):
Copyright (c) 1992-2002 The FreeBSD Project.
Copyright (c) 1979, 1980, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994
The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
Timecounter "i8254" frequency 1193182 Hz
CPU: AMD-K6(tm) 3D processor (300.68-MHz 586-class CPU)
Origin = "AuthenticAMD" Id = 0x580 Stepping = 0
Features=0x8001bf
AMD Features=0x80000800
real memory = 268435456 (262144K bytes)
config> di sn0
config> di lnc0
config> di le0
config> di ie0
config> di fe0
config> di cs0
config> di bt0
config> di aic0
config> di aha0
config> di adv0
config> q
avail memory = 256311296 (250304K bytes)
Preloaded elf kernel "kernel" at 0xc0491000.
Preloaded userconfig_script "/boot/kernel.conf" at 0xc049109c.
md0: Malloc disk
Using $PIR table, 4 entries at 0xc00fde60
npx0:
Generating the RSA and DSA keys may take some time on slower
machines. This happens only on the initial boot-up of a new
installation. Subsequent boots will be faster.
If the X server has been configured and a Default Desktop chosen,
it can be started by typing startx at the
command line.
2.10.16.2
FreeBSD/alpha Bootup
Once the install procedure has finished, you will be able to
start FreeBSD by typing something like this to the SRM prompt:
>>>BOOT DKC0
This instructs the firmware to boot the specified disk. To make
FreeBSD boot automatically in the future, use these commands:
>>> SET BOOT_OSFLAGS A
>>> SET BOOT_FILE ''
>>> SET BOOTDEF_DEV DKC0
>>> SET AUTO_ACTION BOOT
The boot messages will be similar (but not identical) to those
produced by FreeBSD booting on the i386�.
2.10.17 FreeBSD
Shutdown
It is important to properly shutdown the operating system. Do not
just turn off power. First, become a superuser by typing
su at the command line and entering the
root password. This will work only if the user
is a member of the wheel group. Otherwise,
login as root and use
shutdown -h now.
The operating system has halted.
Please press any key to reboot.
It is safe to turn off the power after the shutdown command has been
issued and the message �Please press any key to reboot� appears. If any
key is pressed instead of turning off the power switch, the system will
reboot.
You could also use the Ctrl+Alt+Del
key combination to reboot the system, however this is not recommended
during normal operation.
