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CSS Media Types
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The type of device used to display a webpage such as a computer screen is called Media. As designing your web site becomes more than just a browser game,but with more and more non traditional devices such as a handheld, a cell phone or even your watch wanting to access the web.




CSS Media Types

You want your webpage to look across multiple devices. The process is no where as daunting as it appear, with CSS level 2's support for media types being among the simple tools you can use to help make your site view-friendly across mediums

3 ways of specifying CSS Media types

There are three ways to attach a media type to the style sheet, so our CSS is applied only when a particular media (ie: handheld) is used to view the page:




1) Linked style sheets:
CSS Code
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="print" href="print.css">

With the above declaration, "print.css" will only be applied to the page as it's printed (or viewed in Print Preview mode in your browser). You can add additional linked style sheets targeting other media types also. As a side note, for XML documents, the equivalent of the above will be:

The state's name is the "pseudo class" that defines how the HTML elements should appear, depending on which state it is in. Below is an example of changing the "link", "visited", and "hover" state. Note the order that are defined, as it is the proper ordering to make a functioning CSS link.

XML Equivalent Code
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" media="print" href="print.css" ?>



2) Imported style sheets:
CSS Code
<style type="text/css" media="print, handheld">
@import "basic.css";
</style>

Imported style sheets used here has the advantage as it being conditionally downloaded, meaning the style sheet will only be downloaded if the devise matches that specified in the media attribute. In low bandwidth devices such as handheld, any savings in unnecessary bandwidth could significant. The disadvantage of this technique at present is  the lack of browser/device support relative to technique 1) above. .




3) Inline style sheets, through the @media rule:
CSS Code
<style type="text/css">
@media projection{
body{ background-color:#FFFFFF; }
#heading{ font-size:28px; }
} </style>

You can see, whatever CSS declarations you wish be applied in case of "Projection" should be wrapped around in the @media block.




The @media Rule

Below sample example of the @media Rule

CSS Code
<html>
<head>
<style>
@media screen
{
p.test {font-family:verdana,sans-serif; font-size:14px}
}

@media print
{
p.test {font-family:times,serif; font-size:10px}
}

@media screen,print
{
p.test {font-weight:bold}
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
....
</body>
</html>




The following 10 media types are supported:

Pseudo-class Purpose
all Suitable/intended for all devises (default).
aural Intended for speech synthesizers.
braille Intended for braille tactile feedback devices.
embossed Intended for paged braille printers.
handheld Intended for handheld devices (typically small screen, monochrome, limited bandwidth).
print Intended for printed documents (applies to docs viewed in print preview mode too).
projection Intended for projected presentations (ie: projectors or print to transparencies).
screen Intended for computer screens.
tty Intended for media using a fixed-pitch character grid (ie: teletypes or terminals).
tv Intended for television-type devices.
 Related CSS Tutorial Books
XML
CSS3
XML
CSS
CSS
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 CSS Tutorial FAQs
What is CSS?
What are Style Sheets?
What is external Style Sheet? How to link?
What is embedded style?
What is inline style?
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 CSS Tutorial Interview Questions
What is a Style Sheet?
What is inline style? How to link?
How do I have a background image that isn't tiled?
What is class?
What is ID selector?
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 CSS Tutorial Articles
CSS - Cascading Style Sheets
CSS Basics
CSS Crib Sheet
Introduction to CSS
Ten CSS Tricks You May Not Know
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 CSS Tutorial News
W3C moves towards new Cascading Style Sheets standard
W3C maintains modular progress towards CSS 3
New HTML standard passes first phase
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Keywords: css media style sheet, media types, handheld devices, css media attribute


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